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Python Tutorials & Guides

80+ practical Python guides from async programming and API frameworks to AI/ML, testing, cloud integration and production patterns. Real code, production-ready examples.

FastAPI Asyncio LangChain Pandas Testing Cloud
🗺 Learning Path
1Decorators
2Asyncio
3FastAPI
4Pandas
5LangChain & AI
6Testing with pytest

Web Frameworks & APIs

FastAPI

FastAPI Tutorial: Build REST APIs with Python

Pydantic models, dependency injection, async endpoints, JWT auth, SQLAlchemy integration and deployment.

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Django REST

Django REST Framework: Building APIs

Serializers, ViewSets, JWT auth, permissions, filtering, pagination, throttling and optimization.

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Asyncio

Python Asyncio: Async/Await Complete Guide

Event loop, coroutines, asyncio.gather, async context managers, aiohttp and common pitfalls.

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WebSockets

Python WebSockets: Real-Time Communication with FastAPI

WebSocket connections, broadcasting, rooms, authentication, reconnection logic and load balancing.

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GraphQL

Python GraphQL with Strawberry: Schema-First API Design

Types, queries, mutations, subscriptions, dataloaders, authentication and Django/FastAPI integration.

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gRPC

Python gRPC: Protocol Buffers and Streaming RPCs

Proto definitions, code generation, unary and streaming RPCs, interceptors and error handling.

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FastAPI Background

Python FastAPI Background Tasks and Lifespan Events

BackgroundTasks, lifespan context, startup/shutdown hooks, async task queues and resource management.

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Language Deep Dives

Decorators

Python Decorators: Complete Guide with Examples

Decorator syntax, arguments, class decorators, functools.wraps and practical patterns (retry/cache/logging).

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Type Hints

Python Type Hints: Complete Static Typing Guide

Optional/Union/TypeVar, Protocol, TypedDict, Literal, mypy usage and runtime validation with beartype.

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Design Patterns

Python Design Patterns: Practical Guide

Singleton, Factory, Observer, Strategy, Repository pattern and dependency injection in Python.

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Generators

Python Generators and Iterators: Memory-Efficient Pipelines

yield, send(), generator expressions, itertools, infinite sequences and streaming data processing.

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Context Managers

Python Context Managers: with Statement and contextlib

__enter__/__exit__, contextlib.contextmanager, AsyncContextManager, ExitStack and resource cleanup.

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Metaclasses

Python Metaclasses: Advanced Class Customization

type(), __new__, __init_subclass__, ABCMeta, class decorators and registry patterns.

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Threading

Python Threading vs Multiprocessing vs asyncio: When to Use Each

GIL explained, I/O-bound vs CPU-bound tasks, ThreadPoolExecutor, ProcessPoolExecutor and asyncio.run.

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Dataclasses

Python Dataclasses: Structured Data Modeling

@dataclass, field(), frozen classes, __post_init__, slots=True, comparison and inheritance patterns.

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Performance

Python Performance: Profiling and Optimization

cProfile, line_profiler, NumPy vectorization, multiprocessing vs asyncio, lru_cache and Cython basics.

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ABC & Protocols

Python Abstract Base Classes and Protocols Guide

ABCMeta, @abstractmethod, Protocol, runtime_checkable, structural subtyping and interface design.

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Data & Databases

Pydantic

Pydantic V2: Data Validation in Python

BaseModel, field validators, nested models, settings management, JSON serialization and V2 migration.

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SQLAlchemy

SQLAlchemy ORM: Database Access in Python

Declarative models, relationships, async SQLAlchemy 2.0, Alembic migrations and query optimization.

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Redis

Python Redis: Caching, Sessions and Pub/Sub

redis-py, caching patterns, distributed locking, Pub/Sub, Redis Streams and connection pooling.

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Alembic

Python Alembic: Database Migrations with SQLAlchemy

Auto-generate migrations, upgrade/downgrade, multi-db, async Alembic and CI/CD integration.

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MongoDB Motor

Python MongoDB with Motor: Async Database Operations

AsyncIOMotorClient, CRUD, aggregation pipeline, indexes, GridFS and FastAPI integration.

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asyncpg

Python PostgreSQL with asyncpg: High-Performance Async Driver

Connection pools, prepared statements, COPY protocol, listen/notify and benchmarking vs psycopg2.

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Beanie ODM

Python Beanie ODM: Async MongoDB with Pydantic Models

Document models, queries, aggregations, relationships, migrations and FastAPI integration.

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Tortoise ORM

Python Tortoise ORM: Async ORM for asyncio Applications

Models, migrations with Aerich, relations, signals, transactions and FastAPI/Django integration.

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DuckDB

Python DuckDB: In-Process Analytical Database

SQL on Parquet/CSV, Pandas/Polars integration, window functions, extensions and benchmarks.

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AI/ML & Data Science

Pandas

Python Pandas: Data Manipulation and Analysis Guide

DataFrame operations, groupby, merge/join, time series, apply functions, memory optimization and visualization.

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NumPy

Python NumPy: Array Operations and Scientific Computing

ndarray, broadcasting, vectorization, linear algebra, FFT, random and performance vs pure Python.

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LangChain

Python LangChain: Build LLM Applications and Agents

Chains, agents, RAG with vector stores, memory, tools, LangSmith tracing and production patterns.

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OpenAI API

Python OpenAI API: GPT Integration and Function Calling

Chat completions, function calling, embeddings, Assistants API, streaming and token management.

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Scikit-learn

Python Scikit-learn: Machine Learning Pipelines

Estimators, pipelines, cross-validation, hyperparameter tuning, feature engineering and model persistence.

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Plotly & Dash

Python Plotly and Dash: Interactive Data Visualization

Charts, maps, Dash layouts, callbacks, DataTable, deployment and integration with Pandas.

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Polars

Python Polars: Fast DataFrames for Modern Data Engineering

Lazy/eager API, expressions, scan_parquet, streaming large datasets and Pandas migration guide.

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Airflow

Python Airflow: DAG Authoring and Pipeline Orchestration

DAGs, operators, sensors, XCom, TaskFlow API, dynamic task mapping and production deployment.

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Prefect

Python Prefect: Modern Workflow Orchestration Guide

Flows, tasks, deployments, schedules, caching, retries and Prefect Cloud vs self-hosted.

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Authentication & Security

JWT Auth

Python JWT Authentication: Access Tokens and Refresh Flow

python-jose, token creation/validation, refresh tokens, blacklisting, FastAPI middleware and security.

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OAuth2

Python OAuth2 with FastAPI: Google and GitHub Login

Authorization code flow, PKCE, token exchange, user profile fetching and session management.

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Cryptography

Python Cryptography: Hashing, Signing and Encryption

cryptography library, Fernet, RSA/EC keys, HMAC, key derivation (PBKDF2/Argon2) and TLS patterns.

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Secrets

Python Secrets and Security: Cryptography Best Practices

secrets module, token generation, password hashing with bcrypt/Argon2, timing attacks and audit logging.

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Rate Limiting

Python Rate Limiting: Token Bucket and Sliding Window

slowapi, Redis-backed rate limiting, token bucket vs sliding window, per-user limits and response headers.

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Dev Tools & Packaging

Poetry

Python Poetry: Modern Dependency Management Guide

pyproject.toml, lock files, virtual environments, publishing to PyPI, scripts and CI integration.

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Ruff & Black

Python Ruff and Black: Linting and Formatting Setup

Ruff rules, Black config, pre-commit hooks, isort integration, VS Code setup and CI enforcement.

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Packaging

Python Packaging: Build, Publish and Install Libraries

pyproject.toml, build backends, sdist/wheel, PyPI upload, private registries and version management.

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Jinja2

Python Jinja2 Templating: Rendering HTML and Config Files

Template syntax, filters, inheritance, macros, async rendering, sandboxing and FastAPI integration.

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12-Factor Config

Python Environment Variables and 12-Factor App Config

python-dotenv, Pydantic Settings, secrets management, config layering and Kubernetes ConfigMaps.

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Dependency Injection

Python Dependency Injection: Decoupled Architecture

Manual DI, FastAPI Depends, dependency-injector library, testing with mocks and container patterns.

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Testing & Quality

Pytest

Pytest: Complete Testing Guide for Python

Fixtures, parametrize, mocking, pytest-asyncio, MSW-style API mocking, coverage and CI integration.

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Mock & Patch

Python Mock and Patch: Unit Testing External Dependencies

unittest.mock, patch(), MagicMock, AsyncMock, side_effect, spec and integration test strategies.

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Hypothesis

Python Hypothesis: Property-Based Testing Guide

Strategies, @given, stateful testing, shrinking, database persistence and Pytest integration.

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PyTest Parametrize

Python PyTest Parametrize and Conftest Best Practices

@pytest.mark.parametrize, conftest.py scope, fixture factories, autouse and plugin hooks.

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Playwright

Python Playwright Testing: Browser Automation Guide

Page, Locators, auto-wait, network interception, screenshots, parallel execution and CI setup.

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Observability & Production

Logging

Python Logging: Best Practices for Production

Formatters, structured logging with structlog, JSON logging, correlation IDs and FastAPI middleware.

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Structlog

Python Structlog: Structured Logging for Production

Processors, bound loggers, JSON output, context variables, async support and ELK integration.

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OpenTelemetry

Python Observability: OpenTelemetry Tracing and Metrics

Traces, spans, metrics, logs, auto-instrumentation for FastAPI/Django, Jaeger and Prometheus export.

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Sentry

Python Sentry Integration: Error Tracking and Performance

SDK setup, breadcrumbs, custom contexts, performance monitoring, release tracking and alerts.

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Uvicorn & Gunicorn

Python Uvicorn and Gunicorn: ASGI/WSGI Production Deployment

Worker configuration, graceful shutdown, keep-alive, process management, Docker and nginx setup.

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Tenacity

Python Tenacity: Retry Logic and Backoff Strategies

@retry, wait_exponential, stop_after_attempt, retry_if_exception_type, async retry and logging hooks.

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httpx

Python httpx: Async HTTP Client Guide

AsyncClient, connection pools, auth, retries, timeouts, mock transport for testing and HTTP/2.

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Memory

Python Memory Optimization: Slots, Generators and Profiling

__slots__, tracemalloc, memory_profiler, gc module, weakref, object pooling and large-data strategies.

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Caching

Python Caching Strategies: Redis, Memcached and functools

lru_cache, Redis cache-aside, write-through, cache warming, TTL management and invalidation patterns.

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Cloud, DevOps & Integrations

AWS boto3

Boto3: AWS SDK for Python Complete Guide

Clients vs resources, S3/EC2/Lambda/DynamoDB/SQS operations, paginators and error handling.

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S3

Python S3 File Handling: Streaming Uploads and Downloads

Multipart upload, presigned URLs, streaming download, S3 Select, event notifications and cost tips.

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Docker

Dockerizing Python Apps: FastAPI, Django and Flask

Base image selection, multi-stage builds, non-root user, health checks and production Dockerfile patterns.

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Multi-Stage Docker

Python Multi-Stage Docker Build: Slim Production Images

Build stages, layer caching, .dockerignore, distroless base images and security scanning.

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GitHub Actions

Python GitHub Actions: CI/CD Pipeline for Python Apps

Test matrix, caching dependencies, Docker build/push, deploy to AWS/GCP and secret management.

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Kubernetes kopf

Python Kubernetes Operator with kopf

Custom resources, handlers, lifecycle hooks, reconciliation, status updates and deployment to cluster.

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Kafka

Python Kafka Consumer with confluent-kafka

Producer/consumer, consumer groups, offset management, Schema Registry, Avro and error handling.

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RabbitMQ

Python Pika: RabbitMQ Messaging with AMQP

Exchanges, queues, routing keys, dead-letter queues, publisher confirms and async with aio-pika.

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Elasticsearch

Python Elasticsearch: Indexing and Full-Text Search

elasticsearch-py, bulk indexing, query DSL, aggregations, highlighting, async client and mappings.

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Terraform CDK

Python Terraform CDK: Cloud Infrastructure in Python

CDKTF constructs, providers, stacks, remote state, testing with pytest and CI/CD integration.

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CLI & Automation

Typer

Python CLI with Typer: Modern Command-Line Apps

Commands, options, arguments, callbacks, Rich output, testing CLIs and packaging as executables.

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Click

Python Click: Command-Line Interface Framework Guide

Groups, decorators, prompts, progress bars, output formatting, plugin architecture and testing.

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Web Scraping

Python Web Scraping: BeautifulSoup and Playwright

CSS selectors, XPath, dynamic pages, JavaScript rendering, anti-bot techniques and storage.

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PDF Generation

Python PDF Generation: ReportLab and WeasyPrint

HTML-to-PDF, custom styles, tables, images, headers/footers, digital signatures and FastAPI endpoint.

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Excel

Python Excel Automation with openpyxl and pandas

Read/write xlsx, formatting, charts, formulas, pivot tables, xlsxwriter and automation workflows.

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Background Tasks & Queues

Celery

Celery: Distributed Task Queue with Redis

Task definition, Redis broker, periodic tasks with Beat, retry logic, Flower monitoring and Django integration.

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Celery Beat

Python Background Tasks: Celery Beat and APScheduler

Periodic tasks, crontab schedules, APScheduler jobs, database-backed scheduling and monitoring.

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Feature Flags

Python Feature Flags with LaunchDarkly and Custom Toggles

LaunchDarkly SDK, custom flag storage in Redis, gradual rollouts, A/B testing and kill switches.

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Architecture & Patterns

DDD

Python Domain-Driven Design: Aggregates and Repository Pattern

Entities, value objects, aggregates, domain events, repositories and bounded contexts in Python.

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CQRS & Event Sourcing

Python Event-Driven Architecture: CQRS and Event Sourcing

Command/query separation, event store, projections, saga pattern and message bus implementation.

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